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An Approach to Freedom: An
Interview with
Wesley Gibbings
on Journalism and Activism
in the Caribbean
AMÍLCAR SANATAN
Introduction
Wesley Gibbings is a Trinidad and Tobago-based journalist whose career in the media landscape
spans over three decades.
He was a former president of the Media Association
of
Trinidad and Tobago (MATT) and currently holds the position of President of the Association of Caribbean
Media Workers (ACM). In 2017 he was awarded
the Percy Qoboza International Journalist Award
by
the National Association of Black Journalists in
the USA. Throughout Gibbings’ career he has written
on governance, the arts and environmental issues. He also witnessed the technological
and
industry transitions in media that have transformed the journalism profession. This interview
highlights his experiences as
a journalist in the Caribbean region in relation to society and social change.
The notion of ‘objectivity’
is an
essential aspect of journalism training, in which writers must interpret events and issues outside of their
opinions and personal experiences.
This expectation shapes the ‘code of ethics’ within the profession. However, many journalists “…get personally involved [in reporting]. In politics they can become partisan, in a social context they can become
advocates for a special
cause, in a conflict situation they can takes sides, becoming attached” (Ruigrok 2010, 86). Thus, activist writing and political activism is not uncommon in journalism.
Gibbings practice
of a “journalism of accountability” (Ruigrok 2010) involves holding the state
accountable, teaching, professional development of
media workers and advocacy at national, regional and international levels. With the rise of digital media and alternatives to mainstream
media organisations, media literacy among audiences has become an even more significant issue
today. This should not be only viewed as a problem of contemporary society but as an expansion
of choice for audiences. Gillmor writes that “…the kind of neutral journalism that people
talk about has never fully existed at all. It is a unicorn. And now that audiences have choices, I hope we can let the unicorn fade away” (quoted in
Leidel 2014). This interview explores Gibbings’ experiences of activism by journalists, the freedom of the press, the freedom of speech and social issues.
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Amílcar Sanatan
In Trinidad and Tobago, recent legislation – the Cybercrime Bill, the Whistleblower Protection Act, the Data
Protection Act and the
Broadcast Code – have initiated
wider public debate about the
constraints
to
press and media freedom. For this
reason,
I wanted to ask Gibbings:
1. How do national politics and political participation influence the practice of
journalism?
2. What
is the significance of freedom of
the
press and the freedom of speech
in the context of
the Caribbean?
3. What
are the current challenges and future opportunities for Caribbean
journalism in today’s
media
landscape?
This interview reflects broader perspectives in Caribbean Communications Studies and Journalism. Gibbings was often very emotional as he
discussed ‘freedom’ in the Caribbean and the persistent threat of hurricanes because of
climate change. His passion in the field serves as a guide to upcoming journalists and scholars in
Communication Studies who are interested in examining the role of the media
in Caribbean development.
I interviewed Wesley
Gibbings
in Maracas, St. Joseph,
Trinidad and Tobago on the 23rd of December 2017. The interview was transcribed
with bracketed notes to clarify casual references or abbreviations. In addition, I edited the interview for clarity where necessary but I have generally
preserved his articulation and colloquialism.
Political Formations and the Practice of
Journalism
AS: In 1981, you were an electoral candidate for the Lloyd Best-led TAPIA1. TAPIA’s political
communications
were central to their political project. I’d like for you discuss your
participation in the political fray
as
a journalist.
WG: I was not full time in
the media then, I was freelancing in 1980 [writing for] the Challenge
newspaper. At the time I was involved with my family’s insurance business. My father was one of the founding members of TAPIA. Lloyd’s son and I went to QRC [Queen’s
Royal College] together.
Lloyd picked us up at QRC
all the time, and then we later went to the river
on some afternoons.
We had a good personal relationship. We sold TAPIA out on the street. All the young boys in the area, Lloyd Best would pass
in his white Holden and
give out papers and we would get fifty cents
or something a copy for selling it.
My political awareness
was awoken in the QRC
experience.
1 The TAPIA House Movement was a political party led by the public intellectual Lloyd Best in Trinidad
and
Tobago. The party
contested the 1976 and 1981 general elections.
An Approach to Freedom: An interview
with Wesley Gibbings 3
AS: It is. It is an elite secondary school that trained boys for a particular kind of performance of
masculinity, part of which deals with public leadership and political consciousness.
WG: Yes and the education was secular. That was a powerful thing. A lot of the teachers were QRC old boys.
My
father went QRC too. I started QRC
in 1970. I was very aware of Black Power. When
I went to QRC there was a lot of focus on that. The
guys who went in that time were very politically
aware. As a youth, you focus on cricket and football but there was NUFF and TAPIA was formed around that time too. TAPIA
went into the election in 1976. TAPIA actually thought that
they would win that election but I went in Couva and saw that the ULF [United Labour Front] was
fighting elections and DLP [Democratic
Labour Party] was on
the way out. I got to meet the late
Simbhoonath [Capildeo]. [On] the night of the election we went to TAPIA house to listen to the result.
They lost.
But
I knew down in
Central, TAPIA was in no one’s consciousness.
I kept in contact with TAPIA and Lloyd Best encouraged me to publish my first set of poems in
1977. One day Lloyd Best asked if I wanted to be a candidate in the election. I was recently married in July of
1981. What was instructive during that period is that I got to know [Basdeo]
Panday.
I got to know [A.N.R.] Robinson. I also knew that Lloyd
Best had no respect for them, he thought they
were hustlers
and smart men.
I only went in to full-time journalism in 1985.
I edited the Trinidad and Tobago Review
for a time.
By this time, I thought I knew what politics was about and totally dislodged myself from it. I could not be involved. But after the election in 1986 I did a column titled The Debate Column in the
Express. In one of my columns I described Robinson’s victory as a “bourgeois revolution”. It was seen as very offensive.
I did not say that in 1983 I was enrolled to do course at the Free University of Amsterdam, but
they did not have enough
people subscribed to do the course. I ended up on
my own. That is
where I considered my conversion. I learnt about socialism from that standpoint. Best was against that
word and I understood the point of shaping our own philosophy and so on. But I was a bit offended by his dismissal.
This early experience informed my view about what was shaping with
the government. One of the big issues was the dismantling of PTSC in order to invite more private
operators. The political
activism that I had [pursued] in my earlier
years rolled over later into press
freedom.
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Amílcar Sanatan
Gibbings at a public rally for TAPIA, 1981.
Fighting for Freedom:
The Press, Speech and Caribbean People
AS: You are widely known as a journalist with a career spanning longer than three decades in
the
Caribbean. In more recent years you have
developed an international profile as a
campaigner for the
freedom
of the press and freedom of
speech. What is the significance
of these
campaigns in the context of the Caribbean?
WG: I have different takes on this question but let me give you the background in terms of
my involvement.
My
work really started in this area in 1986 when the Media Association of Trinidad
and
Tobago [MATT] was formed. I was on its very first Executive Committee. It did not start off as
a press freedom body; it was more of a professional development association. It described itself
as a professional
association of
journalists.
The more you look at the
issue of media performance and media development, the more you
tend to pay attention to the environment in which people operate. I saw to a growing extent how
freedom of expression and freedom of the press were becoming more pertinent to media
development and
overall development.
I remember when
the NAR [National Alliance for Reconstruction]2 came into power in 1986 they
did
a constitution review and I voluntarily testified before the constitution commission because
2
The National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) was a
political party that unified the opposition
against the ruling People’s National Movement (PNM) and governed Trinidad and Tobago between
1986 and 1991.
An Approach to Freedom: An interview
with Wesley Gibbings 5
the question arose: “Should freedom of the press remain as a discrete right under the constitution of Trinidad and Tobago?” The commissioners were asking me questions, “Why should
that be there?” They wanted to know what was the big deal if it’s not there. Serious people in the society don’t get that freedom of the press is a very distinct and discrete
right. Like freedom of expression,
which is multidimensional,
freedom of the press is not a waste of time or something just geared towards the protection of the media industry. They don’t understand a basic principle of freedom of expression is not only the right of somebody to express themselves but also the right of people
to seek out other people’s expression and receive it. Freedom of the press is not
the freedom of the media industry, it is
freedom of the audiences who might be seeking out expression.
In 2001, I led the formation of the Association of Caribbean Media Workers [ACM]3 and one of the things I thought we should do is extend our arms internationally for people
who have more
experience and expertise in this area. We joined the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX)4 which was very important for the ACM because it helped us broaden our perspective of the freedom of the press
and the freedom of expression.
Gibbings’ chairs
an
IFEX panel, Cambodia,
2013.
3 The Association of
Caribbean Media Workers (ACM) is a professional network of journalists and media workers. The organisation was established in 2001. See: http://acmpress.org
4 The International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) is a global network of NGOs involved with advocating the freedom of expression and human rights. See: https://www.ifex.org
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Amílcar Sanatan
AS: While an infrequent publication, the ACM produces a “State of Caribbean Media Report”.
How do the freedom of the press and the freedom of
speech feature in your reporting on
the region?
WG: It is very difficult
to
assess region with classical notions or concepts.
For
example,
we
don’t see freedom of the press in the same way as Reporters Without Borders
(Reporters sans frontières) or the Committee to Protect Journalists [CPJ] do. Their metrics are standard and
understandably limited because they are global in scope. They ask questions such as, “How many
journalists have been kidnapped? Who has been killed?” and they keep close count on that. They examine online bullying. In the Caribbean we need a more nuanced way in examining the freedom of the press.
Over the years we have tried to capture that in terms of our reporting. Unfortunately, since 2003 we have not been able to
pull together a cohesive freedom of the press report for the Caribbean. In March 2018, we will have a meeting to refine the questions we plan to ask. We have
the silencing of journalists
and
self-censorship. We need to be able to ask nuanced questions in
order to capture that. If you ask, “Are the media in the Caribbean free?” Under classical definitions, we are very free and that is
reflected in Reporters Without
Borders
and
their annual reports. If you were to ask me as a Caribbean person with an understanding of how the media
works
in the Caribbean, “Are we free?’ I
would say “No”.
AS: What you suggest is that the threat of physical violence is not as prevalent but there is an environment of
risk for media workers. Is this the
case?
WG: Yes. The way I usually put it is that journalists are not killed in the Caribbean but many stories
die. The objective behind killing a journalist is to generate silence. But there are other ways to
generate silence by not making them lose their
lives to making them lose their
livelihoods. In
the Caribbean you can move quickly
from being a highly respected and well-placed journalist to selling
insurance overnight. The industry is very thin on resources and opportunities are scarce. The job is not very high paying. We need a nuanced approach and develop a ‘freedom approach’. Given our past and
the lack of freedom as a
people - slavery, indentureship and
other circumstances - we are in a place where freedom means something special.
[Gibbings breaks into
tears]
Why is it that the default way we frame legislation is not one of freedom? If there is something
new, such as
social media, the first instinct we have is to see how we can clamp and control it. People with
our background, our
orientation should be, if something emerges, ask, “How do we set it free? How do we liberate it?” The starting
point for addressing our problems should be
liberation and not capturing, controlling, and putting things in a cage. Every single government in
the Caribbean, for example, wants to look for a way to get their hands on the internet. They want to
regulate Internet content. The Telecoms authority here, early
in the day, discussing the
An Approach to Freedom: An interview
with Wesley Gibbings 7
broadcast code was looking at ways to control the Internet as part of the broadcasting legislation.
I said at the time, “I wish them the very worst luck with that.”
Those with
power
will target the powerless who are threatening their positions of power.
Out of the millions
of Tweets, Facebook posts and information on Instagram, they focus on individuals. Why you? Invariably,
those
with power target
the powerless in an attempt to silence the public
because some words
are seen as “offensive”.
This is not freedom and being offensive is
also part of the democratic
process.
I have gone before the Equality Opportunity Commission to raise the issue of the inclusion of
LGBTQ citizens. The Equal Opportunity Act very explicitly excludes discrimination on the basis of
sexual orientation. How could you have an Act which addresses the exclusion
of
people and it does not recognise sexual orientation? That is crazy. This is very much into the freedom of
expression fold. This is what we are dealing with.
We operate in societies where prohibition is the
preferred route.
Media and Society
AS: You recently published a column on the history of media in Trinidad and Tobago5. In the article you highlighted the wider social actors and forces that were involved in the development of the
press, from the elites who established print for industry purposes to
Leftist writers who used “little magazines” to advance their ideas. Discuss the impact of the
media and the social organisation of society.
WG: The pace of technological innovation in the colonies during slavery slowed
changes to the plantation
system. Innovations in printing in Europe took a little while before they caught on in the
Caribbean. Less information helped maintain the slave society and the social
organisation of the time. New technology would have disrupted that order significantly. Technology and innovation are invariably linked to the social order, especially
the elites in society.
Even today, there is robot journalism, news services that harvest news without the human touch. Today journalism it seems
is more data driven instead of information driven. Today technology has changed minds from being linear. My practice as
a journalist has changed. In journalism, we
were
interested in timeliness,
in the digital age the emphasis is on timelessness.
In this current era, the conventional and mainstream media have lost their monopoly. I don’t
subscribe to this
thing about citizen journalism. I consider journalism to be a profession.
In terms
5
See: Gibbings, Welsey. “A Brief History – T&T and the Caribbean”. Blog,
published September 12,
2017. http://wesleygibbings.blogspot.com/2017/09/a-brief-media-history-t-and-caribbean.html . Accessed January 10, 2018.
8
Amílcar Sanatan
of mainstream media, however flawed and defective it may be, it is not dysfunctional, there is
a sense of transparency. In the mainstream media you know who wrote the article, the editors, the owners,
if the organisation is publicly traded. The global
focus now therefore
is on media information
literacy, which turns its spotlight on audiences and not just the generators of media
content. Our societies must pay attention to creating better men and women instead
of attempting
to control
and clamp down expression. People are discerning and if they know that the
source is not transparent they will know that the writer cannot be held to account.
Mainstream media has professional standards and ethics guiding it, generally. I know the value of
mainstream media through its relationship with audiences when crises occur.
Who do people really
turn to? We had the recent experiences of hurricanes.
[Gibbings breaks into
tears]
It’s hard to talk… that
is the source of my current state, the hurricanes. In Dominica for example, at
the height of the hurricane, violent winds and disappearing homes – where were the bloggers
and
the online forums that
are politically charged? There is a concerted attempt
to diminish the
credibility of mainstream journalists. If the mainstream media are so irrelevant, weak and not influential,
why were they so central
to
bringing relief to people in Dominica
during the crisis?
AS: Globally the media industry has been on the back foot for sexist practices against women
journalists and media professionals. Do you believe that the Caribbean media “fraternity” has
sought to address
the needs of women within the
profession?
WG: We support the Global Alliance on Media and this has become an explicit focus. I remember when
Corinne Barnes did
her
doctoral thesis on women in the
media. Marjan DeBruin also produced work in the area. At that time in Trinidad and Tobago, for the major newspapers,
the senior reporters and editors were women. That is why data should not be applied
simply. I do not
know, however, if men in the occupation earn more. You cannot go on the numbers alone. Where
specifically is gender inequality? Men dominate all the boards. In technical areas, men dominate.
There is need for research
on the quantitative and qualitative data. This is important because
when there are attempts to undermine the media, women journalists are the first point of attack.6 “Which man she had? Who she had child for? What is her relationship to a politician?” There is
need for academic work to look at this.
6 On March 24, 2015, the ACM published a
statement condemning the character attacks on women journalists involved in investigative and analytical work. See: http://acmpress.org/2015/03/24/statement-on-social-media-attacks-against-female-tt-journalists/
An Approach to Freedom: An interview
with Wesley Gibbings 9
Journalism and the Media Landscape
AS: While state owned media is not new, today we have the presence of state-run media houses with global distribution networks for their information and perspectives. Not only
do
Al Jazeera and RT News broadcast in American markets, TeleSUR English has mobilised many writers on the Left in the Global North and South. However, there is a great deal of talk about “fake news” in today’s media landscape and a growing skepticism for media
with explicit political agendas
and interests. How have these
media houses
impacted the
profession of journalism?
WG: Their
agendas are very clear and it is political communications. A lot of it is journalistic in nature but it does not necessarily mean it is journalism. They make people aware
of
what is happening that perhaps
would not otherwise be covered. RT News is
journalistic but it politically motivated with Russia in mind. The same is the
case
for Al Jazeera and TeleSUR.
There is a space in the landscape
for this news. Fox News is right wing and sometimes totally disgusting in their broadcast but they have the right to be there.
AS: This is a more institutional question. The early raison d’etre of The Caribbean School of
Media and Communication (CARIMAC) at The UWI had in part to do with training a professional cohort of media workers in the region. Do you think it has lived up to this promise? And is
the organisation relevant today?
WG: I don’t think CARIMAC
has
lived up to expectations of the media industry in the region and,
even though it is not at the forefront of the minds of the
media audience, it has not performed
the function it ought to have. One [reason] is that the scatter shot focus of the early years needed
to become far
more channeled in a
more systematic way. Only now you have a Degree in
Journalism coming out of CARIMAC. We really did not have this focus on journalism. Now they
are envisioning social
media and
the landscape. CARIMAC is lagging behind media development
and
in the process
we have not produced the quality of personnel to lead the media in the
Caribbean. I have respect for the work
it does and there is a
role for CARIMAC. It [also] needs to
be
more regional in character. Over the years it has become “Jamaicanised” in terms
of faculty
and
the student population.
10
Amílcar Sanatan
Wesley Gibbings and Michael
Als
at the launch
of “No Half A Loaf”, 1992.
Media and Activism
AS: I want to understand more about climate change and the media. If you lectured in a class on “media and climate
change”, what is the core message you would to communicate
to your students?
WG: In journalism you are not expected to take to the story an ideological
or
philosophical
position. You are trained to try your best to approach a story with a clean slate. When it comes to climate change, we discuss it as a survival issue for the Caribbean. If we have seen climate change
unfold as it has, the question is not “How will the media thrive in the Caribbean?” The question
is, “How will the Caribbean
thrive?” It is a survival issue and to me it is no question whether we
support or against. It
is a matter of survival and similar to communications
in a time of crisis.
We need to take an informed perspective on it. One of the first things the ACM did was work with
the Climate Change Centre and published a handbook for covering climate change in the
Caribbean.7
7 See: Mainstreaming Adaption to Climate Change Project. 2005. Climate Change Handbook for
Caribbean Journalists. http://acmpress.org/files/2014/12/20050000-ClimateChangeHandbook.pdf . Accessed January 10, 2018.
An Approach to Freedom: An interview
with Wesley Gibbings 11
AS: In 2017, you were awarded the Percy Qoboza International Journalist Award for foreign journalists by the National Association of Black Journalists (USA). Do you think that in the region we have produced the quality of writers involved with social justice as Qoboza had done in South Africa?
WG: The challenge of South Africa was a very peculiar kind of challenge that
was political in nature. It called for a high level
of fearlessness to present the truth or journalism that sought to
illustrate the truth. [Qoboza] was tenacious and there
is room for journalism to play that role in
terms of
survival issues.
To me, there is a Caribbean crisis in terms of international diplomacy and the recent vote on the
Palestine issue showed this8. We need informed journalism that will explore what is the dynamic that took us to this point on an issue that is so important we did not come up with a cohesive
approach. It is not about taking position it is about accepting the
challenge to produce
professionally composed information on issues you believe are central
to our survival as a situation. We play close attention to governance, but much less climate change.
A journalist has to be against corruption and undemocratic practices, there is no ideological
neutrality there. The CSME
[CARICOM Single Market and Economy] is a special interest issue too. This is a natural
reason for our
integration as
Caribbean nations, our survival.
Conclusion
Gibbings’ contribution to development
of journalism in the Caribbean and activism beyond the professional realm mark the
significance of the field in Caribbean development. His career involves professional services in activist organisations, civil society
organisations and the academy. Transition from one field to the next is not easy, however Gibbings multi-level advocacy
and
activism as well as his closeness to Caribbean culture allowed him mobility across geographies
and
professions
throughout his career.
This interview also illustrates Gibbings disenchantment with political party politics and the state of contemporary Caribbean political leadership. Future studies should
take
into account the role
and
development of political communications – including pamphlets and little magazines – on the
Caribbean media landscape.
8 This refers to the CARICOM split votes at the United Nations General Assembly on a non-binding
resolution that challenged the Trump-led US administration’s decision to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Five of the fourteen CARICOM members states who voted at the UN Resolution on
the
Status of abstained, including Trinidad and Tobago. Two members were not present for the vote.
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Amílcar Sanatan
References
ACM. 2005. Climate Change Handbook for Caribbean Journalists. Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) Project. Accessed January 10, 2018.
http://acmpress.org/files/2014/12/20050000-ClimateChangeHandbook.pdf
--- 2015. “Statement on Social Media attacks against Women TT Journalists.” Association of
Caribbean
Media Workers (Online). Published March 24, 2015. Accessed January 10,
2018.
http://acmpress.org/2015/03/24/statement-on-social-media-attacks-against- female-tt-journalists/
Gibbings, Wesley. 2017. “A Brief Media History – T&T and the Caribbean.” Caribbean Journalism
(Blog), Published September 12, 2017.
Accessed January 10, 2018.
http://wesleygibbings.blogspot.com/2017/09/a-brief-media-history-t-and- caribbean.html
Leidel, Steffen. 2014. “Can journalists be activists? A conversation with Dan Gillmor”. Blog,
onMedia, June 24, 2014. http://onmedia.dw-akademie.com/english/?p=19753. Accessed
January 11, 2018.
Ruigrok, Nel.
2010. “From Journalism of Activism Towards Journalism of Accountability.” The International Communication Gazette, 1748-0485; 72 (1): 85-90.
http://www.arifyildirim.com/ilt510/nel.ruigrok.pdf .
Accessed January 11, 2018.
